certificate chain is an ordered list of certificates, containing an SSL/TLS Certificate and Certificate Authority (CA) Certificates, that enable the receiver to verify that the sender and all CA’s are trustworthy. The chain or path begins with the SSL/TLS certificate, and each certificate in the chain is signed by the entity identified by the next …

Tcpdump with no filters will produce so much output that it will prove very difficult to find traffic of interest. There are numerous filtering expressions available that limit the traffic displayed or captured. Host filters Network filters Port filters Protocol filters Negating a filter match Combining filters   Tcpdump provides several options that enhance or …

SSL certificates can have a variety of file extension types. There are a few simple OpenSSL commands that will correctly change the file format easily. We’ll walk you through the process in OpenSSL to convert a certificate to PEM. x.509 certificates file extension Certificate (.CRT) or (.CER) Distinguished encoding rules (.DER) Privacy-enhanced electronic mail (.PEM) …

A Security Certificate (also known as a public-key certificate) is an electronic document used to prove ownership of a public encryption key. A Security Certificate is used in TLS to associate encryption keys with internet domains (such as www.howtouselinux.com). A security certificate is a small data file used as an Internet security technique through which …

Both SSL and TLS protocols aim to protect sensitive information used during transactions such as payment processing that requires authentication to prove the identity of our server to the users. TLS 1.3 is the latest version of the TLS protocol.  It is a descendent of SSL and is regarded to be more powerful and effective. …

The port number for SSH is 22 by default. Whenever we run a command through default SSH port number 22, a connection is established between client and server. Every connection initializes through this port. This tutorial explains why and how to change the default SSH port in Linux. Why should we change the default SSH …

SSH (Secure Shell) is a widely used network protocol to securely log onto remote systems. One of its features is /SSH Port Forwarding/ (or SSH tunneling). This functionality forwards encrypted connections between a local and a remote computer. There are 3 types of port forwarding: local port forwarding Reverse port forwarding dynamic port forwarding The …

A self-signed certificate is a security certificate that is not signed by a certificate authority (CA). These certificates are easy to make and do not cost money. The Self-signed SSL certificate is mainly used for non-production applications or other experiments. In this article, we will cover 2 ways to create a self-signed certificate. Is a …

If you need to generate a CSR (certificate signing request) for your website, you can do so using the OpenSSL command. In this blog post, we will discuss two methods that you can use to create a CSR using OpenSSL. We will also provide instructions on how to use each method. Let’s get started! What …

X.509 is a standard format for public key certificates, digital documents that securely associate cryptographic key pairs with identities such as websites, individuals, or organizations. It can be used for authenticated and encrypted web browsing, signed and encrypted email etc. X509 Certificate Version X.509 Version 1 has been available since 1988, is widely deployed, and …