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X.509 is a standard format for public key certificates, digital documents that securely associate cryptographic key pairs with identities such as websites, individuals, or organizations. It can be used for authenticated and encrypted web browsing, signed and encrypted email etc. X509 Certificate Version X.509 Version 1 has been available since 1988, is widely deployed, and …

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A makefile is a special file used to execute a set of actions. The most important purpose is the compilation of programs. Make is a dedicated tool to parse makefiles. Most open-source projects use make to compile a final executable binary, which can then be installed using make install. In this article, we’ll explore Makefile …

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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol that serves the purpose of error reporting and network path diagnostic functions. The Ping and Traceroute utility tools leverage ICMP messages for fault detection and isolation. ICMP messages are sent using a basic IP header. The protocol field in IP header will be set to …

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DNS TTL, or time to live, is the element of a DNS record that tells the requester how long the record is valid. If the TTL for our DNS record is set to 24 hours, a browser has will continue to use that same value for the next 24 hours regardless of whether the DNS …

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